Knowing when to assist with calving can be a very tricky matter. It requires a delicate balance between not acting too quickly and not reacting too late. Finding this balance can require a lot of experience and maybe a little bit of luck.
If you help too early there is a chance that you did not need to help at all. Also, you run the risk of injuring the calf as well as the calf. Not to mention it can impair the bonding process between momma and baby.
Waiting too long can have dire results as well. There is a certain possibility that you will lose both the calf and its momma at the same time. Not to mention the expensive veterinary bill if it gets to the point of needing surgery to get the calf out.
So to help you find the right balance of when to take action or not I have provided some information to get you on the path to success.
Calving Dystocia
Before we start on the steps you need to take I felt it best to go over a few basics. As we know if you are needing to pull a calf that means that your cow is experiencing some form of dystocia.
What is dystocia?
Dystocia is the scientific term for any type of birthing difficulty, There are usually just 3 causes of dystocia that you are likely to come across.
The most common cause is that the calf is “too big”. This usually occurs in young heifers because they have not grown big enough or you are using a bull that sires calves bigger than she can handle. 50% of all calving problems are with 1st-calf heifers, and 25% are with 2nd-calf heifers. The rest are spread out among all of the cows in the herd.
The second most common cause is the calf not coming out of the cow right. This can be caused by either its head being turned around or wanting to come out first. The normal way that a calf should come out is with its front feet first followed by its head facing forward, This should resemble a “diving forward” type of purpose.
Finally, a third cause would be a lack of uterine contraction or uterine fatigue. While typically it is rare for this to occur it does happen. It can usually be caused by the cow being in a low nutritional state.
How to prevent dystocia
Now that we have gone over what are some of the causes of dystocia we can now go over what you can do. What are some ways that you can prevent it from happening in the first place?
One way that you can do this is to make sure that your heifers are bred at the correct age and weight. This will make sure that she will be big enough to handle giving birth. Most heifers will reach this stage when they are 12 to 14 months of age and are between 55%-65% of their mature body weight.
Another thing that you can do is to select bulls that have been shown for calving ease. Normally this would mean selecting one with a low birth weight EPD. In order to make this decision easier over the last few years, they have started including a calving ease stat among EPD numbers.
Cows should be in the proper BCS at the time of calving. This means that they should score in the 5-6 range. If they are too thin then she may not be able to do this. On the other side is she is too fat then the fat deposits may impede the birthing process. In my previous post “The calving nutrition article of your dreams” I go over the importance of nutrition during this time.
Before breeding season if possible you can measure the pelvic area in replacement or bred heifers. This measurement will tell you if she has enough room for the calf to make it out. Research indicates that a 600lbs yearling heifer should have a pelvis at least 11cm wide and 12cm high to deliver a 63lbs calf.
When to assist calving
Now that we have covered some causes of calving problems and steps that you can take to prevent it now let’s go over what you should do if the need arises.
Let nature take its course
Now, this may seem counterproductive considering that this article is about how to assist with calving but I feel this is a very overlooked step in the process. Cow-calf producers can have a tendency to develop tunnel-vision on only the pregnant cow when calving time approaches. They hang their calf puller and chains near the calving pen and concentrate on getting the newborn calf on the ground. It is important to first help the cow before jumping in and starting to pull.
Can the calf be born in a way that it gets up, nurses, and receives colostrum in a timely manner? And then will that cow protect the calf and get it safely to weaning? These are some questions that the producer should be asking first.
When the female becomes aware of the approaching delivery isolation and nesting are a part of the natural process. It’s important to let the mother do what mothers naturally want to do in order to kickstart things in the right direction.
Signs that you will need to assist
Odds are that you may not have to assist in calving but in the event that you do here are a few clues to look for if your assistance is needed.
- The water sac has been visible for 2 hours and the cow is not trying
- If the cow has been trying for over 30 minutes and there is no visible progress
- The cow has quit trying for over 15-29 minutes after a period of progress
- Cow or calf are showing signs of fatigue or stress. This can be something like the calf has a swollen tongue or the cow is bleeding from her rectum
- It actually looks like the delivery is abnormal
If you are looking for more information on how to handle dystocia in cattle the website Bovine Veterinarian Online has a very informative article here.
How to assist in calving
Ok so you have checked your cows, you let things start off naturally but things have taken a turn. You have observed one or more of the signs above and know that you will need to pull that calf, what do you do? Luckily for you, I have a short checklist that will give you some idea.
- First, make sure that she is not able to deliver this calf on her own. Before you go through the hassle of pulling the calf make sure that your assistance is actually needed.
- Next, find out if the cause of dystocia is not caused by the calf being too large. If the calf is too big to pass through the birth canal then you will need to call the vet. Trying to deliver the calf in this situation non-surgically can cause damage and even death to both the cow and the calf.
- Make sure that the cause of the dystocia is not from the calf being completely turned around. In order to do this, you will need to palpate the cow and feel around in there. If this is the case then a call to your vet will be needed.
- Use clean equipment. Introducing bacteria inside the cow can reduce fertility meaning it will be long till she comes back in heat.
- Do not use liquid soap as a lubricant. The composition of liquid soap will break down the natural lubricant of the cow. Methylcellulose-based lubricant is best, you can also use cooking oil or petroleum jelly.
- Use a 60-inch chain over 39 inches. The location you want to loop the chain is just below the dewclaw but above the hoof (see the picture below)
- Pull alternatively on each leg to “walk” the shoulders out. You will want to pull upwards toward the tail head to prevent any damage to the cow.
- If you are not completely comfortable with your abilities then you should call the vet.
